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A Paleontology Of The Future

June 21, 2026

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5 min read

A Paleontology Of The Future

The Apollo 11 landing site, Tranquility Base, is one of the most historically significant places humans have ever been. The American flag is still there—knocked over by the ascent module's propulsive blast, bleached white by unfiltered solar radiation. The footprints remain. The plaque is still bolted to the lander's descent stage. And under the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, no nation can claim ownership of any part of the moon. NASA has requested that nobody approach within 75 meters of the site, but that request has no legal force. If China wanted to land a rover there tomorrow, dance on Armstrong's footprints, and plant their own flag, no international law could stop them. Tranquility Base is one of only four archaeological sites on Earth—or off it—that lie outside the boundaries of any nation. And that raises a strange question: what do we owe the future, and how do we preserve the material record of humanity when it exists in places nobody owns?

Artifacts, Ecofacts, and Manuports

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What you'll learn

  • 1 (00:00) **Tranquility Base and the Problem of Ownership** - The hosts open with the Apollo 11 landing site, the artifacts left behind (flag, lander, even bags of waste), and the fact that no nation can legally claim the moon.
  • 2 (05:12) **The Outer Space Treaty and Lunar Loopholes** - Explains that the 1970s treaty says no one owns outer space, but it doesn't stop private or state actors from visiting or altering sites.
  • 3 (08:53) **Four Archaeological Sites Outside Any Nation** - Tranquility Base is one of only four archaeological sites not within a nation's borders.
  • 4 (16:17) **Artifacts, Ecofacts, and Geofacts** - A taxonomy of archaeological finds: artifacts are human-made, ecofacts are natural objects used by humans (e.g., bones, seeds), and geofacts are natural formations that look human-made.
  • 5 (25:12) **Manuports: Objects Carried by Early Hominids** - A manuport is an object found out of place, hand-carried but not necessarily altered.
  • 6 (31:42) **Who Owns the Land, the Sky, and the Center of the Earth?** - A discussion on the legal and philosophical limits of land ownership: how far up and down does your property go?
  • 7 (46:43) **Manuports as Evidence of Early Human Humor** - The Aïn el-Hanech cuttlefish fossil (300,000 years old) is a phallic-shaped manuport, suggesting early Homo sapiens had a sense of humor.

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Show Notes

What will humanity leave behind?


In this episode, Professor Hannah Fry and VSauce's Michael Stevens explore the traces humans leave behind and what those traces reveal about how we think.


From Tranquility Base, where humanity's first footprints on another world still sit undisturbed in lunar dust, to a three million year old pebble that may represent one of the earliest signs of symbolic thought, they uncover how ordinary objects can become extraordinary windows into our past.


Why would one of our ancestors carry a rock that looked like a face? Who owns the artefacts we leave beyond Earth? And what might future generations learn from our footprints, tools, jokes, habits, and settlements scattered across the Solar System?


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Attribution for images used, no chanages have been made.


W. Bulach - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Jerzy Strzelecki - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

Rakot13 - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0

Museum of Human Evolution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Robert G. Bednarik - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0


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Video Producer: Adam Thornton + Oli Oakley + Jack Meek

Animator: Sam Benson

Video & Social: Bex Tyrrell

Assistant Producer: Lucy Lipscombe

Producer: Simona Rata

Senior Producer: Lauren Armstrong-Carter

Head Of Digital: Samuel Oakley

Exec Producer: Neil Fearn

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